Cyan dots point out d 50 − 2δ _2 and d 50 + 2δ _2, the initiation and termination of RHs growth. Green lines indicate regions used for the second consecutive sigmoidal fit at d 50_1 ± 5δ _1. For water and IAA treated roots, data from 0 to 5000 µm and from 0 to 2000 µm from the RT were used respectively. For untreated and NF treated roots, data obtained between µm from the RT were used for the adjustment. Yellow lines indicate root regions considered for the first sigmoidal fit. Red contours highlight root hairs detected with RHS. a Pictures of representative roots for different tested conditions. A batch of untreated roots where also observed at the same time (green data). Roots were immersed 1 h in water (pink data), 10 nM NF (magenta data) or 10 µm IAA (orange data) and observed 18 h after immersion. Example of application of RHS to analyse the effect of water, NF or IAA treatment on M. RHS processed on roots submitted to different treatments. Image analysis with Root Hair Sizer and subsequent sigmoidal modelling of RH length data provide a simple and efficient way to characterize RH growth in different conditions, equally suitable to small and large scale phenotyping experiments.Ĭell elongation Image analysis Medicago truncatula Phenotyping Root Root hair. RH length data along the root are then modelled with a sigmoidal curve, generating several biologically significant parameters such as RH length, positioning of the root differentiation zone and, under certain conditions, RH growth rate. This measure is not affected by heavily bent RHs and any bald spots. This method, implemented as a simple automated script in ImageJ/ Fiji software that we termed Root Hair Sizer, slides a rectangular window along a binarized and straightened image of root tips to estimate the maximal RH length in a given measuring interval. We developed an image analysis algorithm that semi-automatically detects RHs and measures their length along the whole differentiation zone of roots. However, none of the reported methods allow an accurate and standardized definition of the position along the root for RH length measurement, making data comparison difficult. Few partially automated methods have been reported to increase measurement efficiency.
Methods commonly employed rely on manual steps and are therefore time consuming and prone to errors, restricting analysis to a short segment of the root tip. For these reasons, it is useful to be able to accurately quantify RH length employing standardized procedures. RHs are also studied as a model for plant cellular development, as they represent a single cell with specific and highly regulated polarized elongation. It is equipped with root hairs (RHs) which are elongated structures increasing the exchange surface with the soil. LotsOfWords knows 480,000 words.The root is an important organ for water and nutrient uptake, and soil anchorage. National Scrabble Association, and the Collins Scrabble Words used in the UK (about 180,000 words each). The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (OSPD) from Merriam-Webster, the Official Tournament and Club Word List (OTCWL / OWL / TWL) from the Please note: the Wiktionary contains many more words - in particular proper nouns and inflected forms: plurals of nouns and past tense of verbs - than other English language dictionaries such as Words and their definitions are from the free English dictionary Wiktionary published under the free licenceĬreative Commons attribution share-alike. Potential litterature) such as lipograms, pangrams, anagrams, univocalics, uniconsonantics etc. To play Scrabble, Words With Friends, hangman, the longest word, and forĬreative writing: rhymes search for poetry, and words that satisfy constraints from the Ouvroir de Littérature Potentielle (OuLiPo: workshop of You can use it for many word games: to create or to solve crosswords, arrowords (crosswords with arrows), word puzzles,
Lots of Words is a word search engine to search words that match constraints (containing or not containing certain letters, starting or ending letters,
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